Recomandare aspirina în sarcină: beneficii, riscuri și implicații pentru placentă

Introducere. Trombofilia ca factor implicat în patogeneza preeclampsiei este o ipoteză susţinută bidirecţional de numeroasele rezultate contradictorii; cu toate acestea, se estimează că aproximativ 40% dintre pacientele cu preeclampsie au un substrat trombofilic. Majoritatea studiilor valabile nu susţin o asociere între trombofilia moştenită şi preeclampsie, restricţia de creştere intrauterină sau avortul spontan, deci implicit nu susţin tratamentul anticoagulant profilactic cu heparină cu greutate moleculară mică (HGMM) pentru prevenirea celor menţionate anterior.

Materiale şi metodă. Am selectat femeile gravide, cu sarcină în curs sau oprită din evoluţie, care urmează tratament anticoagulant sau antiplachetar. În contextul în care nu au fost încă stabilite protocoale clare pentru administrarea de anticoagulante în sarcină, am urmărit să realizăm o analiză comparativă a aspectelor clinice şi anamnestice pe care s-a bazat indicarea tratamentului cu antiagregant plachetar, anticoagulant sau cu cele două combinate în sarcină şi impactul asupra funcţiei placentare prin analiza comparativă a valorilor măsurătorilor Doppler pentru arterele uterine, ombilicală şi cerebrală medie ale pacientelor incluse în cele trei grupuri de studiu.

Rezultate. Avorturile spontane sau decesul fetal intrauterin în antecedente a fost criteriul principal pentru recomandarea tratamentului antiplachetar, anticoagulant sau combinat. În prezenţa unui istoric personal de evenimente trombotice, tratamentul preferenţial a fost cel combinat, respectiv HGMM şi aspirină în doză mică. Nu am obţinut o diferenţă semnificativă în ceea ce priveşte frecvenţa avorturilor spontane între cele trei grupuri de studiu, proporţia acestora fiind similară.

Concluzii. The overall rate of thrombotic incidents during pregnancy is reported to be 200 cases per 100,000 births(1), and this rate is increasing to 500 per 100,000 cases postpartum and is associated with a maternal mortality rate of 1.2-4.7 per 100,000 pregnancies. The physiological changes during pregnancy cause most of the thrombotic events that occur in the postpartum period. The hormonal changes during pregnancy lead to increased levels of coagulation cascades factors, such as fibrinogen factor VII, VIII, X and von Willebrand. Previous studies that have analyzed the relationship between thrombophilia and spontaneous abortion reported contradictory results. One of the most influential studies found an association between fetal death and factor V mutation with an odds ratio of 10.9(3), without finding a significant association between thrombophilia and early miscarriage. An increased average risk for spontaneous abortion in trimesters I and II and a relationship of association with recurrent abortion were also found for the prothrombin gene mutation(4); however, the involvement of other thrombophilic mutations was not clarified. The fact that thrombophilia is a factor involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia is a hypothesis supported bidirectionally by numerous contradictory results; however, it is estimated that approximately 40% of patients with preeclampsia have a thrombophilic substrate(6). Most valid studies do not support an association between inherited thrombophilia and preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction or spontaneous abortion, thus implicitly not supporting the prophylactic anticoagulant treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) for the prevention of the aforementioned conditions. We selected pregnant women with developing or spontaneous discontinued pregnancy undergoing anticoagulant or antiaggregate treatment, which were divided into three study groups: Group 1 included pregnant patients on low-dose aspirin treatment, Group 2 included pregnant patients with LMWH treatment, and Group 3 included pregnant patients on low-dose aspirin plus LMWH treatment. A total of 385 cases were included in the study, and the groups were divided as follows: Group 1 - 65.6%, Group 2 - 22.7%, and Group 3 - 11.6%. In the context where clear protocols for the administration of anticoagulants in pregnancy have not yet been established, we aimed to perform a comparative analysis of the clinical and anamnetic aspects on which the indication of treatment with antiplatelet, anticoagulant or the two combined in pregnancy was based on, and the impact on placental function by a comparative analysis of the values of the Doppler measurements for the uterine, umbilical and average cerebral arteries of the patients included in the three study groups. The impact of Body Mass Index (BMI) on the treatment targeting decision was analyzed comparatively. Furthermore, the anamnesis that guides the management of an incipient pregnancy is the history of pregnancy loss, hence we also analyzed the existence of a link between this criterion with the BMI value for each study group. The personal history included the personal thrombotic history, the family history of thrombotic accidents, and the personal history of obstetric complications. The positive history of pregnancy losses was analyzed in detail by categorizing this criterion and if the pregnancy loss was consecutive or not. Furthermore, we studied the number of pregnancies completed favorably by the birth of a live, term newborn. The modified values of Doppler velocimetry are an adverse prognostic indicator, reflecting a dysfunction of the uterus-placental circulation and implicitly translating a disorder of placental function. For all these variables and their corresponding ana­ly­sis, parametric and non-parametric tests were used to validate the results. Table 1. The graphical representation (Figure 1) shows schematically the values of BMI in the three study groups, and they are higher in Group 2. The personal history of thrombotic events is an indicator of anticoagulant treatment in pregnancy and puerperium, depending on its severity. Thus, according to the obtained results, in the presence of a personal history of thrombotic events, the combined treatment of LMWH and low-dose aspirin was chosen (Figure 2). Nonparametric tests demonstrated a statistical difference between the number of personal thrombotic antecedents in the group of pregnant patients treated with LMWH and low-dose aspirin compared with the groups of patients treated with LMWH or low-dose aspirin, alone. Figure 1. Figure 2. A similar result was obtained for the family history of thrombotic events, also considered a risk factor for thrombosis in pregnancy and an indicator of anticoagulant treatment depending on the severity. Figure 3 shows a significantly higher number of cases of family history of thrombotic events in Group 3. Hence, in patients with a family history of thrombotic events, the combined treatment of LMWH and low-dose aspirin was chosen. The difference obtained between Groups 3 and 1, respectively between Group 3 and Group 2, was statistically significant, with no statistically significant difference between Groups 1 and 2. For all three study groups, we obtained a personal history of previous obstetric complications, a history that included premature birth, intrauterine growth restriction, abruptio placentae, preeclampsia or eclampsia and intrauterine fetal death, and we compared for statistical significance. The number of positive histories of obstetric complications was 22% of the first study group, respectively Group 1, of the patients being treated with low-dose aspirin; Group 2 had 18% of the positive history of obstetric complications, and Group 3 had over 50% of cases with a positive history of obstetric complications (Figure 4). Figure 3. Figure 4. The personal history of the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy or recurrent miscarriages requires the clinician to increase the spectrum of investigations, implicitly to consider the presence of a thrombophilic substrate. Starting from this premise, we further analyzed the history of spontaneous pregnancy loss in terms of the number, succession and gestational age of the pregnancy/their spontaneous loss. Thus, the situation of the frequency and division by gestational age of the cases included in the three study groups is presented in Figure 5, along with the situation regarding their consecutive character, representing the comparative analysis by nonparametric tests of the total number of pregnancy losses. Regarding the risk of consecutive pregnancy loss, we observed that it was higher in Group 1 compared to that of the patients undergoing low-dose aspirin treatment. By performing nonparametric tests, we obtained a significant difference for Group 2, respectively of patients undergoing treatment with LMWH, compared with Group 3, that of patients undergoing combined aspirin plus LMWH treatment, regarding the number of pregnancies completed by term birth. Additionally, there was a significant difference be­tween Group 1, that of patients on aspirin treatment, and Group 2. Patients undergoing treatment with LMWH had the most favorable history of successfully completed pregnancies (Figure 6). One of the indications for the initiation of low-dose aspirin treatment is the high resistivity index of uterine arteries. Figure 5. Figure 6. LMWH is reserved, according to existing protocols, to cases of major thrombophilia with other associated risk factors. According to the results of the nonparametric tests, we found a statistically significant difference in terms of the values of the index of pulsatility and resistivity of the left uterine arteries between Group 1, that of patients undergoing aspirin treatment, and Group 3, those with combined treatment, LMWH plus aspirin. Group 3 had reduced values compared to Group 1 (Figures 7 and 8). A significant difference for the resistivity and pulsatility index of the uterine right arteries, the cerebral and umbilical arteries was not observed. The average value of the pulsatility index in the whole study group was 1.64, for a standard deviation of 0.265. Figure 7. Distribution of the values of the index of pulsatility and resistivity of the left uterine arteries in the three study groups, comparatively. The average value of the pulsatility index in the whole study group was 1.2, for a standard deviation of 0.55. The average value of the pulsatility index in the whole study group was 1.23, for a standard deviation of 0.398. According to the obtained results, the patients undergoing treatment with LMWH had a significantly higher BMI than those receiving aspirin or both treatments combined. The direction of therapeutic behavior was most likely guided by the results of numerous studies which have shown that obesity is an independent risk factor for spontaneous abortion for euploid pregnancies, yet there are no studies showing the preventive effect of weight loss for this risk. Figure 8. Distribution of the values of the index of pulsatility and resistivity of the uterine arteries in the three comparative study groups. The average value of the pulsatility index in the whole study group was 0.97, for a standard deviation of 0.34. Both personal and family history of thrombotic injury represent indications of approaching prophylactic anticoagulant treatment in pregnancy(8). According to the obtained results, the incidence of personal thrombotic history was 5% in the study group. In the presence of this factor, the combined treatment of aspirin and LMWH was preferred. Low-dose aspirin administered during pregnancy has shown to be effective in facilitating placentation and improving prognosis through preventive effect on the development of preeclampsia. These two combined approaches present two separate mechanisms of action and their overlap could provide the desired evolution of the pregnancy. Additionally, patients with a family history of thrombotic injury had a high incidence of approximately 40% in the study group. More than half of the cases for which aspirin and LMWH combined treatment was chosen had one or more thrombotic accidents in the family history. The highest incidence of personal history of obstetric complications was also in the group of patients undergoing combined treatment in pregnancy. The proportion was lower among patients opting for anticoagulant treatment with LMWH alone (18%), respectively Group 2. Conditions such as premature birth, intrauterine growth restriction, abruptio placentae, preeclampsia or eclampsia and fetal death in utero have been associated with the presence of thrombophilia in numerous studies. Each of these complications can translate into placental dysfunction with increased risk of recurrence. Spontaneous abortions or intrauterine fetal death in the antecedents was the main criterion for recommending antiplatelet, anticoagulant or combined treatment. As shown in the results section, the number of pregnancies lost in all three study groups is significant, and the proportion of consecutive spontaneous abortions has dominated in the personal history of patients on low-dose aspirin treatment. A special discussion is offered for the Doppler velocimetry of the cases included in the study. The results obtained in this study showed a significantly lower resistance and pulsatility index in patients undergoing combined treatment with LMWH and aspirin, but only for the left uterine artery. Velocimetry of the uterine arteries is a predictive test for the subsequent unfavorable evolution of the pregnancy, reflecting the situation of the uterus-placental vascularization, and if measured early in the first trimester, it offers the possibility of the prophylactic intervention that could significantly decrease the risk of IUGR (intrauterine growth restriction) and preeclampsia(9).

Informații generale despre aspirină. Se spune că aspirina este pastila pe care trebuie să o ai tot timpul la îndemână sau că „o aspirină pe zi ține medicul la distanță”. Aspirina sau acidul acetilsalicilic este utilizată cu precădere în caz de migrene, dar și în prevenirea atacurilor cardiace și a cancerului. Ultimele cercetări în domeniu dezvăluie o serie de beneficii ale utilizării aspirinei, dar și o serie de riscuri. Un studiu realizat în martie 2010, publicat în Journal of the American Medical Association, pune la îndoială beneficiile „unei aspirine pe zi” în cazul persoanelor care suferă de boală arterială periferică și atrage atenția că aspirina nu face bine tuturor, arată USNews. Care sunt consecințele consumului regulat de aspirină? 1. Aspirina și riscul de pierdere a auzului...

Această interacțiune ridică o problemă importantă în screeningul pentru cancerul de prostată, deoarece medicii trebuie să țină cont de utilizarea aspirinei atunci când interpretează rezultatele PSA. Pacienții care iau aspirină trebuie să fie evaluați cu atenție suplimentară pentru a nu omite diagnosticul precoce al bolii. În concluzie, aspirina poate influența negativ acuratețea testului PSA, prin scăderea valorilor acestui marker.

În concluzie, aspirina administrată regulat poate juca un rol important în prevenirea cancerului colorectal, mai ales în rândul persoanelor cu risc cardiovascular sau predispoziție genetică. Aspirina poate fi un aliat valoros în reducerea recidivelor cancerului de sân, prin efectele sale antiinflamatorii și antiagregante. Lază de asemenea că metforminul traversează placenta și realizează concentrații fetale similare cu cele materne, cu beneficii potențiale în diabetul gestațional și preeclampsie.

Progresele în cercetare sugerează că asocierea metforminului cu aspirina, la care se poate adăuga acidul folic preconcepțional, poate constitui o etajare promițătoare în managementul sarcinii cu risc crescut. În plus, progesteronul s-a dovedit eficient în prevenirea naşterii premature în studii majore, iar OPPTIMUM este unul dintre cele mai recente studii ce evaluează beneficiul neonatal al acestei terapii.

Hipertermicarea sarcinii, hiperlipidemia și obezitatea au fost intens analizate ca factori de risc; rezultatele sugerează importanța individualizării tratamentului și a monitorizării Doppler uterin/Umbilical/Cerebral medie pentru evaluarea evoluției placentei.

Vitaminele prenatale, calciul, omega-3, metforminul și progesteronul apar frecvent în discuțiile despre prevenția complicațiilor obstetricale. Calciul are efecte protectoare asupra preeclampsiei în populații cu deficit de calciu, iar omega-3 nu demonstrează în mod constant efect asupra reducerii preeclampsiei, dar sprijină dezvoltarea fetală. Metforminul reduce riscul de diabet gestațional și poate reduce complicații asociate SOPC, iar progesteronul poate întârzia nașterea prematură la femeile cu canal cervical scurta.

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